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\title{\huge NRC ESSI Simulator}
\author{Boris Jeremi{\'c}, Robert J. Budnitz, Annie M. Kammerer}
\institute[UCD, LBNL, US-NRC]{
University of California, Davis; 
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; 
United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission}
\date[Sept 2012]{Sept. 2012}

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%            \begin{block}{ESSI Benefits and Detriments}
\vspace*{0.3cm}
            \begin{block}{Earthquake Soil Structure Interaction Modeling: Benefits and Detriments}

              \begin{itemize}

                \item        Improved  accuracy  of  Earthquake  Soil  Structure
                Interaction (ESSI) modeling and simulation benefits 
                understanding of seismic behavior of Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs)

                \item  Reduction  of modeling uncertainty! In other words, we will know with
                much more fidelity what is the actual seismic response of an NPP

                \item  Benefit:  reduction  of seismic energy
                input due to energy dissipation of nonlinear material

                \item  Benefit  and  Detriment:  seismic motion frequency content
                change



              \end{itemize}

            \end{block}
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\vspace*{0.3cm}
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            \begin{block}{Introduction to the NRC ESSI Simulator}
            A collaborative project between 
%            \begin{itemize}
%              \item[] 
              University of California, Davis ({\bf UCD}), 
%              \item[] 
              Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ({\bf LBNL}), and
%              \item[]                              
              United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission ({\bf U.S. NRC})
%            \end{itemize}
            to develop a High Fidelity 
Modeling    and    Simulation    System   for  Time    Domain,  Nonlinear Finite
Element Analysis  of
Earthquake  Soil/Rock  Structure  Interaction  (ESSI)  response of NPPs. 
            \end{block}
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            \begin{block}{NRC ESSI Simulator System Components}
            \begin{itemize}

\item {\bf The NRC ESSI Program}: a 3D, nonlinear, time domain, 
parallel finite element program specifically developed for
High Fidelity modeling  and  simulation  of  Earthquake  Soil/Rock  Structure
Interaction (ESSI) problems for NPPs on NRC-ESSI-Computer. \
%The NRC ESSI Program is based on
%a  number of public domain numerical libraries developed at UCD as well as those
%available  on  the  web,  that  are  compiled  and  linked  together to form the
%executable  program (NRC-ESSI-Program). Significant effort is devoted to development
%of  verification  and  validation  procedures,  as  well  as  on  development of
%extensive  documentation.  NRC-ESSI-Program  is  in  public  domain  and is licensed
%through the Lesser GPL.

%\vspace*{0.3cm}
%\vspace*{0.3cm}
\item {\bf The NRC ESSI Computer}: a distributed memory 
parallel computer, a cluster of clusters with multiple performance  
processors and multiple performance networks.  
%Compute  nodes are Shared Memory Parallel
%(SMP)  computers,  that  are  connected,  using  high  speed  network(s), into a
%Distributed Memory Parallel (DMP) computer.

%\vspace*{0.3cm}
%\vspace*{0.1cm}
\item    {\bf        The    NRC ESSI Notes}: a hypertext 
documentation system
detailing modeling and simulation of NPP ESSI
problems.
%
%\vspace*{0.3cm}
\end{itemize}


            \end{block}
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\vspace*{0.3cm}
%            \vfill
            \begin{block}{NRC ESSI Program}

            \begin{itemize}

\item              Library  Centric  design  and management approach (libraries:
CompGeoMech UCD libs, MOSS, PETSc, UMFPACK, LAPACK, BLAS, Ltensor)

%\item Open Source License (Creative Commons)

\item Application Programming Interface (API) documented in detail

\item Finite elements: Solids  (single  phase  (u), fully coupled, porous solid -- pore fluid,
(u-p-U,  u-p)),  structural  (truss,  beams, shells), special elements (gap,
contact, gap--contact,  seismic isolators: frictional, rubber, lead-rubber)

\item  Material models: linear and nonlinear elastic, isotropic and anisotropic,
elastic-plastic     (von Mises,    Drucker-Prager,    Mohr-Coulomb,    SANIsand,
Dafalias-Manzari, Pisan{\`o}-EP (calibrated from G/G$_{max}$ curves), all can be perfectly plastic, isotropic hardening or softening
and/or           translational     and/or    rotational    kinematic   hardening
(A-F type);
%(Armstrong-Frederick type); 

\item  Staged  loading (self weight, service loads, hazard loads, seismic loads,
aftershocks, etc.)


\item    Seismic  Input,  analytic,  using Domain Reduction Method, incorporates
seismic body (S, P) and surface (Rayleigh, Love) waves

\item    Buoyancy  effects  (fluid  pressure  on  embedded  foundation)  modeled
analytically (with full coupling with pore fluid pressures changes in foundation
soil/rock)

\item  Parallel  computations  using  Plastic  Domain  Decomposition method, for
efficient run time computational load balancing (for inelastic computations)

\item Domain Specific Language for model input

% 
\end{itemize}


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            \begin{block}{Verification and Validation}

           
The    NRC  ESSI  Program  has  an extensive (and ever growing) verification and
validation  suite.  This  ensures  the  highest  possible  quality  of numerical
prediction results.

\begin{itemize}

%\vspace*{-1mm}
     \item Verification: a Mathematics issue,  provides evidence that the
   model is solved correctly.

%\vspace*{-1mm}
     \item Validation: a  Physics issue, provides
   evidence that the correct model is solved.

%\vspace*{-1mm}
   \item Prediction:  use  of  computational  model  to foretell the state of a
   physical   system   under  consideration  under  conditions  for  which  the
   computational model has not been validated.

\end{itemize}

\vspace*{-3mm}



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            \begin{block}{NRC  ESSI  Computer}

\begin{itemize}


   \item  NRC  ESSI  Computer  is  a  distributed memory parallel \\
          (DMP) computer designed  for high performance, parallel \\
          finite element simulations using NRC ESSI Program

   \item  Multiple    performance  CPUs  and  Networks  (on-board, \\
          InfiniBand, GigaBit) can be effectively used

   \item Most cost-performance effective design (BeoWulf)

   \item  NRC ESSI Program runs most efficiently on the \\
          NRC ESSI Computer, however, it is also  source  \\
          compatible  with  
          any DMP supercomputers (any large national supercomputer or 
          any other cluster parallel computer)

   \item  Industry   standard   Message   Passing  Interface  (MPI)  for
   communication between compute nodes

   \item    Current    setup:   208  CPU  cores,  288  GB  RAM, 24TB disk space,
   triple  network (on-board, Gigabit and InfiniBand)


   \item    By  Spring  2013:    592 CPU  cores,  800  GB  RAM, 40TB disk space,
   triple network


   \item    By  Fall  2013:    784  CPU  cores,  1056  GB  RAM, 48TB disk space,
   triple  network


 \end{itemize}

\vspace*{-21.5cm}
\begin{flushright}
\hspace*{0.3cm}
\includegraphics[width=13.2cm]{/home/jeremic/public_html/NRC_ESSI_Simulator/NRC_ESSI_Computer/photos/IMG_2607.JPG}
%\includegraphics[width=6.0cm]{/home/jeremic/public_html/NRC_ESSI_Simulator/NRC_ESSI_Computer/photos/IMG_2609.JPG}
%\includegraphics[width=8.0cm]{/home/jeremic/public_html/NRC_ESSI_Simulator/NRC_ESSI_Computer/photos/IMG_2611.JPG}
\hspace*{-0.2cm}
\end{flushright}
\vspace*{11.5cm}



            \end{block}
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            \begin{block}{NRC ESSI Notes}
               A hypertext documentation system  describing in detail 
modeling and simulations of NPP ESSI
problems:
% The system consists of four parts: 
 
  \begin{itemize}
    \item    Theoretical    and   Computational  Formulations: 
    Finite Element Methods,  
    Elasto-Plasticity, 
    Static and Dynamic Solutions, 
    Parallel Computing
    
    \item  Software and Hardware Platform:
    Object Oriented Design, 
    Library Centric Design,
    Application  Programing  Interface  (API for the source code),  
    Domain Specific Language (DSL, C and English language bindings), 
    Software Build Process, 
    Hardware Platform
    
    \item           Verification  and  Validation (V\&V):
    Verification:   
      code,  
      components    (elements,    algorithms),
      static  and  dynamic    solution advancement, 
      wave propagation, 
      Earthquake Soil Structure Interaction;  
    Validation:  
      material  modeling,  
      wave propagation, 
      Earthquake Soil Structure Interaction
    
    \item Application to Practical Nuclear Power Plant Earthquake Soil/Rock Structure
    Interaction    Problems (case studies): 
    \begin{itemize}
     \item  ESSI with 3D, inclined, uncorrelated seismic     waves,
    \item  ESSI with nonlinear soil/rock and foundation  slip,
    \item      ESSI    with  seismic  base  isolators,  horizontal and  vertical
    isolation benefits and detriments,
    \item    ESSI  with  nonlinear  soil/rock, base  isolators and
    nonlinear structural response,
    \item  ESSI analysis for high  frequency response,
    \item     ESSI  for  design basis earthquakes, full nonlinear response (from
    the list above), safety margins determination,
    \item  ESSI  for  large,  beyond  design  basis  earthquakes, full nonlinear
    response (from  the  list  above),  safety  margins determination
    \end{itemize}


    \item  Draft    of  the  NRC    ESSI    Notes   is   available   at:
    \url{http://nrc-essi-simulator.info/}

  \end{itemize}
  




            \end{block}
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\vspace*{0.3cm}
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            \begin{block}{Stochastic Modeling}

                 In     addition  to  deterministic  modeling  and  simulations,
                 recently  developed  Probabilistic  Elasto-Plasticity (PEP) and
                 Stochastic  Elastic-Plastic  Finite  Element  Methods  (SEPFEM)
                 (Jeremi{\'c}  et  al.), are currently being integrated into the
                 NRC  ESSI Simulator. This will allow for very accurate (analytic,
                 using   solution   to  Fokker -- Planck -- Kolmogorov  equation  for  PEP)
                 development  of  full  Probability Density Functions (PDFs) for
                 generalized      displacements,    stress,  strain,  etc.  From
                 developed PDFs one can easily develop full  Cumulative  Density Functions (CDFs) aka fragility curves
                 for any part/components of the NPP soil/rock-structure system.

            \end{block}


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\vspace*{0.3cm}
            \begin{block}{Verification Example (select)}

Verification: Inclined (at 45$^o$), 3D, body and surface seismic wave field:


\begin{footnotesize}
\hspace*{-1.5cm}
        \centering
        \begin{tabular}{ccccc}
Models
          &
Stress Drop
          &
Disp. H$\downarrow$ V$\uparrow$
          &
Acc. H$\downarrow$ V$\uparrow$
          &
Radiation H$\downarrow$ V$\uparrow$
          \\
\includegraphics[width=8.0cm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Thesis/NimaTafazzoli/wave_propagation/figs/FaultSlipModel2km.pdf}
          &
\includegraphics[width=7.0cm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Thesis/NimaTafazzoli/wave_propagation/figs/input_ricker/displacement.pdf}
%\includegraphics[width=7.0cm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Thesis/NimaTafazzoli/wave_propagation/figs/ricker_2km/top_middle_comparison_disp_x.pdf}
          &
\includegraphics[width=7.0cm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Thesis/NimaTafazzoli/wave_propagation/figs/ricker_2km/top_middle_comparison_disp_z.pdf}
%\includegraphics[width=7.0cm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Thesis/NimaTafazzoli/wave_propagation/figs/ricker_2km/top_middle_comparison_disp_z.pdf}
          &
\includegraphics[width=7.0cm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Thesis/NimaTafazzoli/wave_propagation/figs/ricker_2km/top_middle_comparison_accel_z.pdf}
          &
\includegraphics[width=7.0cm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Thesis/NimaTafazzoli/wave_propagation/figs/ricker_2km/10_40_disp_x.pdf}
          \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\includegraphics[width=8.0cm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Thesis/NimaTafazzoli/wave_propagation/figs/DRMModel.pdf}
          &
\includegraphics[width=7.0cm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Thesis/NimaTafazzoli/wave_propagation/figs/input_ricker/FFT.pdf}
%\includegraphics[width=7.0cm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Thesis/NimaTafazzoli/wave_propagation/figs/ricker_2km/10_40_disp_x.pdf}
          &
\includegraphics[width=7.0cm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Thesis/NimaTafazzoli/wave_propagation/figs/ricker_2km/top_middle_comparison_disp_x.pdf}
%\includegraphics[width=7.0cm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Thesis/NimaTafazzoli/wave_propagation/figs/ricker_2km/10_40_accel_x.pdf}
          &
\includegraphics[width=7.0cm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Thesis/NimaTafazzoli/wave_propagation/figs/ricker_2km/top_middle_comparison_accel_x.pdf}
          &
\includegraphics[width=7.0cm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Thesis/NimaTafazzoli/wave_propagation/figs/ricker_2km/10_40_accel_x.pdf}
        \end{tabular}
\end{footnotesize}
          
%\vspace*{-0.8cm}
\vspace*{-0.8cm} 




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            \begin{block}{Nonlinear Example (select)}

Gapping--Slipping  at  the  foundation--soil/rock  contact,  for  full  3D
(at 45$^o$, horizontal and vertical, body and surface) seismic wave:


\begin{footnotesize}
\begin{figure}[!h] 
\begin{minipage}{.20\textwidth}
        \centering
        \hspace*{-2.5cm}
        \begin{tabular}{ccc}
Model and Input
          &
Acc. H $\uparrow$ and FFT  $\downarrow$ 
          &
Acc. V $\uparrow$ and FFT  $\downarrow$ 
          \\
{\includegraphics[width=5.0cm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Conferences/2011/NRC_LBNL_Review_Panel_Feb2011/Case_study_model/visit0002.jpeg}}
          &
\includegraphics[width=6.0truecm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Thesis/NimaTafazzoli/SSI_Contact_Element_01_13/figs/91_97/top_structure_x_acceleration.pdf}
          &
\includegraphics[width=6.0truecm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Thesis/NimaTafazzoli/SSI_Contact_Element_01_13/figs/91_97/top_structure_z_acceleration.pdf}
          \\
\includegraphics[width=5cm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Thesis/NimaTafazzoli/SSI_Contact_Element_01_13/figs/Ricker/acceleration.pdf}
%\includegraphics[width=5cm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Thesis/NimaTafazzoli/SSI_Contact_Element_01_13/figs/Ricker/FFT.pdf}
%          \includegraphics[width=0.95\linewidth]{images/viola/m-012-2.png}
          &
\includegraphics[width=6.0truecm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Thesis/NimaTafazzoli/SSI_Contact_Element_01_13/figs/91_97/top_structure_x_acceleration_FFT.pdf}
          &
\includegraphics[width=6.0truecm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Thesis/NimaTafazzoli/SSI_Contact_Element_01_13/figs/91_97/top_structure_z_acceleration_FFT.pdf}

        \end{tabular}
\end{minipage}
% 
\hspace*{9.2cm}
%\hfill         
%
\begin{minipage}{.150\textwidth}
  \begin{tiny}
  \begin{figure}[H]
  \begin{center}
  \caption*{\footnotesize Gaping Response}
  \begin{tabular}{ccc} 
  %\hline 
  $4.5s$
  &
  $4.6s$
  &
  $4.7s$
  \\
  \includegraphics[width=2.2truecm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Thesis/NimaTafazzoli/SSI_Contact_Element_01_13/figs/Gap_Slide_Magnitude_91_9pieces/gap450.pdf}
  &
  \includegraphics[width=2.2truecm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Thesis/NimaTafazzoli/SSI_Contact_Element_01_13/figs/Gap_Slide_Magnitude_91_9pieces/gap460.pdf}
  &
  \includegraphics[width=2.2truecm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Thesis/NimaTafazzoli/SSI_Contact_Element_01_13/figs/Gap_Slide_Magnitude_91_9pieces/gap470.pdf}
  \\
  $4.8s$
  &
  $4.9s$
  &
  $5.0s$
  \\
  \includegraphics[width=2.2truecm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Thesis/NimaTafazzoli/SSI_Contact_Element_01_13/figs/Gap_Slide_Magnitude_91_9pieces/gap480.pdf}
  &
  \includegraphics[width=2.2truecm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Thesis/NimaTafazzoli/SSI_Contact_Element_01_13/figs/Gap_Slide_Magnitude_91_9pieces/gap490.pdf}
  &
  \includegraphics[width=2.2truecm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Thesis/NimaTafazzoli/SSI_Contact_Element_01_13/figs/Gap_Slide_Magnitude_91_9pieces/gap500.pdf}
  \\
  $5.1s$
  &
  $5.2s$
  &
  $5.3s$
  \\
  \includegraphics[width=2.2truecm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Thesis/NimaTafazzoli/SSI_Contact_Element_01_13/figs/Gap_Slide_Magnitude_91_9pieces/gap510.pdf}
  &
  \includegraphics[width=2.2truecm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Thesis/NimaTafazzoli/SSI_Contact_Element_01_13/figs/Gap_Slide_Magnitude_91_9pieces/gap520.pdf}
  &
  \includegraphics[width=2.2truecm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Thesis/NimaTafazzoli/SSI_Contact_Element_01_13/figs/Gap_Slide_Magnitude_91_9pieces/gap530.pdf}
  \end{tabular}
  \label{fig:3d_ricker1000_gap_9}
  \end{center}
  \end{figure}
  \end{tiny}
\end{minipage}
% 
\hspace*{3cm} 
%\hfill         
%
\begin{minipage}{.1500\textwidth}
  \begin{tiny}
  \begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
  \caption*{\footnotesize Slipping Response}
\begin{tabular}{ccc} 
%\hline 
$4.5s$
&
$4.6s$
&
$4.7s$
\\
\includegraphics[width=2.2truecm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Thesis/NimaTafazzoli/SSI_Contact_Element_01_13/figs/Gap_Slide_Magnitude_91_9pieces/slide450.pdf}
&
\includegraphics[width=2.2truecm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Thesis/NimaTafazzoli/SSI_Contact_Element_01_13/figs/Gap_Slide_Magnitude_91_9pieces/slide460.pdf}
&
\includegraphics[width=2.2truecm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Thesis/NimaTafazzoli/SSI_Contact_Element_01_13/figs/Gap_Slide_Magnitude_91_9pieces/slide470.pdf}
\\
$4.8s$
&
$4.9s$
&
$5.0s$
\\
\includegraphics[width=2.2truecm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Thesis/NimaTafazzoli/SSI_Contact_Element_01_13/figs/Gap_Slide_Magnitude_91_9pieces/slide480.pdf}
&
\includegraphics[width=2.2truecm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Thesis/NimaTafazzoli/SSI_Contact_Element_01_13/figs/Gap_Slide_Magnitude_91_9pieces/slide490.pdf}
&
\includegraphics[width=2.2truecm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Thesis/NimaTafazzoli/SSI_Contact_Element_01_13/figs/Gap_Slide_Magnitude_91_9pieces/slide500.pdf}
\\
$5.1s$
&
$5.2s$
&
$5.3s$
\\
\includegraphics[width=2.2truecm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Thesis/NimaTafazzoli/SSI_Contact_Element_01_13/figs/Gap_Slide_Magnitude_91_9pieces/slide510.pdf}
&
\includegraphics[width=2.2truecm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Thesis/NimaTafazzoli/SSI_Contact_Element_01_13/figs/Gap_Slide_Magnitude_91_9pieces/slide520.pdf}
&
\includegraphics[width=2.2truecm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Thesis/NimaTafazzoli/SSI_Contact_Element_01_13/figs/Gap_Slide_Magnitude_91_9pieces/slide530.pdf}
%\\
%
%\hline
\end{tabular}
%\caption{Distribution of sliding along the contact interface for Ricker wave
%(gray scale given in meters)}
\label{fig:3d_ricker1000_slide_9}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
\end{tiny}
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\end{figure} 
% 
\end{footnotesize}

\vspace*{-1.2cm} 


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\vspace*{0.1cm}
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            \begin{block}{Current Example Problem}

            Representative NPP, emphasis on very accurate modeling and simulation of:

\begin{itemize}

\item Body and surface seismic wave effects,

\vspace*{-1mm}
\item Elastic-plastic soil/rock and structures,

\vspace*{-1mm}
\item Inelastic contact/gap (foundation-soil)

\vspace*{-1mm}
\item Seismic isolator effects

\vspace*{-1mm}
\item Buoyant effects for embedded foundations

\vspace*{-1mm}
\item Seismic wave frequencies $\le$ 50Hz 

\vspace*{-1mm}
\item High Fidelity model: soil/rock block: \\
230m $\times$ 230m $\times$ 100m, foundation slab 90m  $\times$  90m, \\ 
Containment  Structure:  40m $\times$ 50m, 2.1 Million DOFs, 700,000 elements,

\end{itemize}


\vspace*{-12.0cm}
\begin{flushright}
%\vspace*{-0.3cm}
\includegraphics[width=13.0cm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Conferences/2012/Seismic_research_issues_for_NPPs/Large_NPP_model_01A.jpg}
\hspace*{0.6cm}
%\includegraphics[width=8.0cm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Conferences/2012/Seismic_research_issues_for_NPPs/Large_NPP_model_05A.jpg}
%\includegraphics[width=6.0cm]{/home/jeremic/public_html/NRC_ESSI_Simulator/NRC_ESSI_Computer/photos/IMG_2609.JPG}
%\includegraphics[width=8.0cm]{/home/jeremic/public_html/NRC_ESSI_Simulator/NRC_ESSI_Computer/photos/IMG_2611.JPG}
\end{flushright}
\vspace*{2.0cm}




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\vspace*{0.1cm}
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            \begin{block}{NRC  ESSI  Simulator  License}

             A version of 
 {\bf  Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike  3.0  Unported  (CC  BY-NC-SA  3.0) 
 license}, for components and the system.
%
% Full  details  of  this license are available through the NRC ESSI Simulator web
% site  {\texttt  http://nrc-essi-simulator.info}  or from  Boris Jeremi{\'c}.


            \end{block}
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\vspace*{0.1cm}
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            \begin{block}{Education is the Key!}

              Available are: short  courses, lectures, advising and consultancy, etc.



            \end{block}
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\vspace*{0.1cm}
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            \begin{block}{Current and Former Student Collaborators and Developers}

\begin{itemize}
  \item 
  Drs:   
Guanzhou  Jie,  
Matthias  Preisig,  
Zhao  Cheng,  
Nima Tafazzoli, 
Federico Pisan{\`o};
  \item 
Professors: 
Zhaohui Yang, 
Kallol Sett, 
Mahdi Taiebat;
  \item 
Students:
Panagiota Tasiopoulou,
Babak Kamranimoghadam,
Chang-Gyun Jeong,
Jos{\`e} Abell Mena,
Benjamin Aldridge, 
Justin Anderson;
\end{itemize}



            \end{block}
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            \begin{block}{Acknowledgement}

The  NRC  ESSI  Simulator  System is developed in close collaboration  and with 
funding from the U.S. NRC. Such support is greatly appreciated. 
Additional partial funding from CNSC/CCSN, US DOE and US NSF is also much appreciated.


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