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\title[Gaps in SMR Design]
        {Civil and Structural Engineering Gaps \\
        in Small Modular Reactor Designs  }


%\subtitle
%{Include Only If Paper Has a Subtitle}

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\author[Coleman, Whittaker and {\bf Jeremi{\'c}}] % (optional, use only with lots of authors)
%{Boris~Jeremi{\'c}}
{Boris Jeremi{\'c} (UCD/LBNL)\\ with \\
Justin Coleman (INL) and Andrew Whittaker (UB)}
%
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%{ Professor, University of California, Davis\\
%{INL, UB, UCD/LBNL}
{}
% - Use the \inst command only if there are several affiliations.
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\date[] % (optional, should be abbreviation of conference name)
{\small ASME 2014 SMR Symposium}

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\section{Introduction}




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\subsection{Opportunities and Challenges}


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\begin{frame}
 \frametitle{SMR: Civil Structural Economic Opportunities}

\begin{itemize}
 
%\item Seismic hazard representation for deeply embedded structures

\item SMRs present the opportunity to make investments in
nuclear power more affordable
\vspace*{0.3cm}

\item To capitalize on this economic potential SMR vendors
need to:
  \begin{itemize}
    \item provide a design that is economically more affordable (per
kilowatt hour) by:
    \begin{itemize}
      \item Maximizing the modularity
      \item Minimizing regulatory risk by using standardizing approaches for
modular construction, seismic isolation, and seismic analysis
    \end{itemize}
%   \item Use standardized methods to address US-NRC concerns
  \end{itemize}

\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%


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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}
 \frametitle{SMR: Regulatory Challenges Related to Standardization}

\begin{itemize}
 
%\item Seismic hazard representation for deeply embedded structures

\item Ideally vendors would have standardized
methods to use in the licensing process:

  \begin{itemize}
    \item  Modular construction

    \item  Seismic isolation of Structure, Systems, and
Components (SSCs)


    \item Seismic analysis methods
  \end{itemize}

\vspace*{0.3cm}

\item Standardized methods would minimize NRC
questions during the licensing process


\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}
 \frametitle{SMR: Need for Appropriate Tools and Methods}

\begin{itemize}
 
%\item Seismic hazard representation for deeply embedded structures

\item Seismic Analysis and Design to meet
Performance Goals


  \begin{itemize}
    \item Analysis must be  accurate, reducing modeling uncertainty
    \item  Design  must  be  consistent  with codes and standards
    \item  Produce  designs that are conservative with respect to the Earthquake
    Hazard
  \end{itemize}

\vspace*{0.3cm}

\item Seismic Probabilistic Risk Assessment
  \begin{itemize}
    \item  Want accurate (or best estimate)  core damage frequency
numbers



  \end{itemize}


\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}
 \frametitle{SMR: Seismic Challenges 
 {\small (from US-NRC)}}

US-NRC DESIGN-SPECIFIC
REVIEW STANDARD FOR mPOWER iPWR DESIGN; 
(deeply embedded structures)

\begin{small}
\begin{itemize}
 

\item Effect of deep embedment on the relative significance of kinematic
interaction

\item The extent to which non-vertically propagating shear waves may be
more important for deeply embedded structures than for those with
shallow embedment depth

\item The impact of deep embedment on the accuracy of side wall
impedance functions calculated with standard methods

\item The effect of nonlinear behavior (e.g., separation of structure and soil,
and soil material properties) on wall pressure and SSI calculations;

\item The variation of V/H (vertical to horizontal) spectral ratios on ground
motion over the depth of the facility.

\end{itemize}
\end{small}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

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\begin{frame}
 \frametitle{SMR: Challenges for Design}

\begin{itemize}
 
%\item Seismic hazard representation for deeply embedded structures


\item Seismic performance goals for SMRs



\item   Earthquake  Soil  Structure  Interaction  analysis  of  deeply  embedded
structures

\item Modeling of fluid-structure interaction

\item Seismic isolation of SMR components and systems

\item Modular SC construction of SMR 
components and systems

\item Uncertainty in material behavior, earthquake loads, \&c.
   (advanced  seismic probabilistic risk assessment for SMRs)

\item Modeling uncertainty



% \item Advanced seismic probabilistic risk assessment for SMRs

\item Protection of SMRs from man made hazard (aircraft impact, \&c.)
      


\item Regulatory guidance for the civil/structural design of SMRs


\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
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% 
% \subsection{Performance Goals}
% 
% 
% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% \begin{frame}
%  \frametitle{Performance Goals for SMRs}
% 
% 
% \begin{itemize}
% 
%      \item Safety
%        \begin{itemize}
%          \item Natural hazards (Seismic, Flooding, \&c.)
%          \item Man made hazard (terror attacks)
% %         \item 
%        \end{itemize}
%      \item Economy
%        \begin{itemize}
%          \item Construction cost
%          \item Upgrades
%          \item Longevity
%        \end{itemize}
% 
% \end{itemize}
% \end{frame}
% 
% %  
%  
 
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\section{Gaps in SMR Design}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\subsection{Modeling and Simulation Issues}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{High Fidelity Modeling and Simulation}


Some soil-structure features of SMR are similar with LWRs

\begin{figure}[!hbpt]
\begin{center}
\hspace*{-0.5cm}
\includegraphics[width=3.5cm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Conferences/2014/ASME_SMR_Symposium/present/SMR01_a.jpg}
\includegraphics[width=3.5cm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Conferences/2014/ASME_SMR_Symposium/present/SMR02_a.jpg}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!hb]
\begin{center}
\vspace*{-0.3cm}
\includegraphics[width=3.5cm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/consulting/2013/CNSC/ProgressReports/Progress_report_02_figs/single-NPP-FEM-model.jpg}
\includegraphics[width=3.5cm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/consulting/2013/CNSC/ProgressReports/Progress_report_02_figs/double-NPP-FEM-model.jpg}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
%\vspace*{2.0cm}

%
% 
% \begin{itemize}
%      \item 
%      \item 
%      \item 
% \end{itemize}

\end{frame}




%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Earthquake Soil Structure Interaction (ESSI)}


\begin{figure}[!hbpt]
\begin{center}
\vspace*{-0.2cm}
%\includegraphics[width=4cm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Conferences/2014/ASME_SMR_Symposium/present/SMR01_a.jpg}
\includegraphics[width=5cm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Conferences/2014/ASME_SMR_Symposium/present/SMR02_a.jpg}
\vspace*{-0.6cm}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

% OVDE stavi srdjene slike (ovu mrezu, dodaj mnan tablici, za sve probleme)...


\begin{itemize}
     \item    A  number  of ESSI modeling and simulation issues that control the
     seismic response
     \item Detrimental and Beneficial ESSI effects
     \item Seismic energy propagation and dissipation
\end{itemize}

\end{frame}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{ESSI: Seismic Body and Surface Waves}

\begin{figure}[!hbpt]
\begin{center}
\vspace*{-0.2cm}
\includegraphics[width=5cm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Conferences/2014/ASME_SMR_Symposium/present/SMR02_a_01-GRAY_pdf.pdf}
\vspace*{-0.6cm}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{itemize}
     \item Seismic surface waves carry most seismic energy
     \item SMR bottom: body waves; SMR top: surface waves
     \item Incoherent seismic motions 
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{ESSI: Nonlinear Contact and Soil/Rock Zones}

\begin{figure}[!hbpt]
\begin{center}
\vspace*{-0.2cm}
\includegraphics[width=5cm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Conferences/2014/ASME_SMR_Symposium/present/SMR02_a_02-GRAY_pdf.pdf}
\vspace*{-0.6cm}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{itemize}
     \item Seismic energy dissipated at the contact 
     \item Seismic energy dissipated within adjacent soil/rock zones
    \item Passive (complete) structural isolation (beneficial)
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{ESSI: Fluid Structure Interaction}

\begin{figure}[!hbpt]
\begin{center}
\vspace*{-0.2cm}
\includegraphics[width=5cm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Conferences/2014/ASME_SMR_Symposium/present/SMR02_a_03-GRAY_pdf.pdf}
\vspace*{-0.6cm}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{itemize}
     \item SMR below water table, 
     \item Saturated soil (liquefaction, densification/stiffening)
     \item Buoyant forces (dynamically changing)
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{ESSI: Uncertain Material and Uncertain Loads}

\begin{figure}[!hbpt]
\begin{center}
\vspace*{-0.2cm}
\includegraphics[width=5cm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Conferences/2014/ASME_SMR_Symposium/present/SMR02_a_04-GRAY_pdf.pdf}
\hspace{0.5cm}
\includegraphics[width=4.0cm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Conferences/2014/ASME_SMR_Symposium/present/SPT_Uncertain_Youngs_Modulus.jpg}
%
%\includegraphics[width=6.0cm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Papers/2008/JGGE-GoverGmax/figures/YoungModulus_RawData_and_MeanTrend_01-Ed.pdf} 
%\\
%%\hfill
%\includegraphics[width=6.0cm]{/home/jeremic/tex/works/Papers/2008/JGGE-GoverGmax/figures/YoungModulus_Histogram_Normal_01-Ed.pdf}
%
\vspace*{-0.6cm}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{itemize}
     \item Inherently uncertain material response
     \item Inherently uncertain (seismic) loading
     \item Full probabilistic modeling and simulations is desired
%     \item 
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Modeling Uncertainty}

\begin{itemize}
     \item Goal: reduction of modeling uncertainty
\vspace*{0.2cm}
     \item   Modeling   Uncertainty:   introduced   with   unnecessary  modeling
     simplification
\vspace*{0.2cm}
     \item   Modeling   Uncertainty:   introduced   with   unrealistic  modeling
     simplification
\vspace*{0.2cm}
     \item Use of results obtained using models with (high) modeling uncertainty
     for design is questionable
\end{itemize}

\end{frame}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Verification and Validation}

  \begin{itemize}


     \item {{Verification} provides evidence that the
   model is solved correctly.} Mathematics issue. 

\vspace*{1mm}
     \item {{Validation} provides
   evidence that the correct model is solved.} Physics issue. 

\vspace*{1mm}
   \item {Prediction}:  use  of  computational  model  to foretell the state of a
   physical   system   under  consideration  under  conditions  for  which  the
   computational model has not been validated.


\vspace*{1mm}
   \item Goal: physics based predictive capabilities 
   with {low modeling uncertainty}

\vspace*{1mm}
   \item    High  fidelity, {hierarchical},  predictive capabilities, aim for
   higher modeling sophistication then needed

\end{itemize}





\end{frame}


% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% \subsection{Seismic Isolation}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Seismic Isolation}

\begin{itemize}
     \item Goal: reduction of seismic demand
\vspace*{0.2cm}
     \item Active: using engineered devices for SSCs
\vspace*{0.2cm}
     \item Passive: relying on surrounding soil and contact zone
\end{itemize}

\end{frame}


% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% \subsection{Modular Construction}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Modular, Standardized  Design and Construction}

For an efficient (safety and economy) SMR:

\begin{itemize}
\vspace*{0.2cm}
     \item   High  fidelity  modeling and simulation of standardized modules and
      a complete SMR

\vspace*{0.2cm}
     \item Design of standardized modules

\vspace*{0.2cm}
     \item  Construction  of standardized modules that assemble into a complete,
     efficient SMR

\end{itemize}

\end{frame}


% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% \subsection{Regulatory Guidance}
% 
% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% \begin{frame}
% \frametitle{Regulatory Guidance}
% 
% \begin{itemize}
%      \item 
%      \item 
%      \item 
% \end{itemize}
% 
% \end{frame}
% 
% 
% 


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\section{Summary}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\subsection*{Summary}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}
% \frametitle{Seismic Energy Dissipation for \underline{Soil}-Foundation-Structure Systems}
 \frametitle{Closing Thoughts}
% \frametitle{Seismic Energy Dissipation for 
%             \underline{Soil}-Foundation-Structure Systems}


\begin{itemize}

     \item SMRs present significant opportunities to make investment in
     nuclear power more affordable

\vspace*{0.2cm}
     \item Design challenges can be successfully overcome 
     by  relying on high fidelity modeling and
     simulation

\vspace*{0.2cm}
     \item  Use  of full nonlinear, time domain, deterministic and probabilistic
     modeling    and    simulation  methods/tools  (for    example:   NRC  ESSI 
     Simulator)  can  help emphasize many benefits SMR soil-structure
     system feature!

\vspace*{0.2cm}
     \item  Standardized, modular approach to modeling,  design and construction
     of SMRs for enhanced safety and economy


\end{itemize}

%
\end{frame}


\end{document}

%  
%  





